Article Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article Assignment - Essay Example In twenty four hours, nearly everything valuable had been removed. Later casual vandalism began, with windows being shattered, and parts torn apart. The car became a playing ground for kids (Wilson &Kelling, 1982). Simultaneously, the car in Palo Alto, California stayed intact for over a week. When Zimbardo went up and deliberately shuttered a part of it using a sledgehammer, soon after, onlookers began to join in for the vandalism. In a few hours, the vehicle had been spun upside down as well as completely vandalized. In both places the vandals seemed respectable, well dressed clean-cut whites. It is deemed that within a neighborhood like Bronx wherein history of property abandonment as well as theft are much more prevalent, destruction can take place very rapidly since the neighborhood sends out a ‘no one cares’ vibe. Related events can take place within any civilized neighborhood once communal barricades- the feel of mutual obligations and regard of civility-are let d own by actions, which suggests ‘no one cares’. An effective stratagem for vandalism prevention is to fix problems while they are minimal. Repair a broken window within a brief time and the inclination is that miscreants are less likely to smash more windows. Clean-up the sidewalk daily, and the inclination is for garbage not to amass. ... Additionally, taking a property that does not belong to you is equal to stealing even though the property does not have the owner. Another change to the policy within neighborhoods and public schools is that people should be encouraged to report to the police any properties that are left untended. Such changes would be productive because they will aid in preventing people from committing activities that denotes that crimes such as vandalism are not illegal. The changes to the policies will impart new attitudes and moral practices that deter people and young people in engaging in illegal activities. The changes to the policies will be difficult to enact in an already established culture that dictates that any unattended properties belongs to everyone and any can do as they please with such a property (O’Malley,2007). References Chappell, A. &Lanza-Kaduce, L. (2004). Integrating sociological research and theory with community-oriented policing: Bridging the gap between academics and practice. Journal of Applied Sociology/Sociological Practice, 21(6), 80-98. Kelling, G. & Moore, M. (2008).The evolving strategy of policing. Perspectives on Policing. 4. Retrieved November 21, 2008 from US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice, http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/114213.pdf O’Malley,T.J. (2007). Managing for ethics: A mandate for administrators.FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 66(4).Retrieved August 1, 2008 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2194/is_n4_v66/ai_19569535/ Shevory, T. (2003). Organizational structure in American police agencies: Context, complexity, and control. A book review.Albany Suny Press, 13(8), 287. Retrieved November 17, 2008 from

In what ways did US officials act to build a global order under US Essay

In what ways did US officials act to build a global order under US leadership, during and after World War Two, and what were the essential features of that order - Essay Example According to Hudson (2008), foreign policy is â€Å"the strategy or approach chosen by the national government to achieve its goals in its relations with external entities† (p. 12). Kaufman (2010), in turn, writes that the formulation of foreign policy denotes a process of reassessing certain policies – either previous or existing ones – as a result of changing circumstances. In general, the process of foreign policy decision making not only involves various domestic actors aiming for certain outcomes, most notably the national government, but is also highly dependent upon regional and global developments, factors, and forces, which constitute the particular international context. While most of the foreign policy decisions, whether being concerned with international trade, economic and diplomatic relations, immigration policies, etc., could be considered relatively routine, there are extraordinary ones where the stakes appear to be extremely high (Kaufman, 2010), like the formation of strategic alliances, decisions on whether to go to war or make peace, etc. On the other hand, even those foreign policy decisions, which are generally considered routine, inevitably attract more attention in election years, or when an extraordinary event or development occurs (Kaufman, 2010). Thus, as noted by Kaufman (2010), foreign policy is not only of concern to diplomats or bureaucrats but can affect everyone. Two conceptions of what the American type of government should consists in had been put forward at the very dawn of the United States – that of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton (Kaufman, 2010). While Jefferson didn’t conceal his animosity towards à ¢â‚¬Å"a very energetic government† (US Department of State, n.d.; Peterson, 1993), Alexander Hamilton, in turn, argued in favour of a strong relationship between the national government and big business, order, efficiency, as well as for the necessity of integrating the country – under favourable terms however – into the international system (Kaufman, 2010). Even though these views seem opposite to each other, historians aptly point out that Hamilton and Jefferson â€Å"often arrived at the same practical conclusion† (Harper, 2004, p.104). Not surprisingly therefore, the principles of economic development and non-interference in the European conflicts remained â€Å"a matter of consensus†, and the pillars of American foreign policy until the early twentieth century (Harper, 2004, p.104). Nevertheless, the purchase of Louisiana from France during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson and the War of 1812 signalled more or less a considerable shift in US foreign policy behaviour. The success of the purchase of Louisiana could be deemed to have set the precedent for buying the strip of land along the American–Mexican border in 1853 – named after the American general and diplomat James Gadsden, aka the Treaty of La Mesilla (Ibarra, 2004; Yale Law School, n.d.) – as well as Alaska from the Russian empire in 1867. The War

Malaysian Government Expenditure’s Trends

Malaysian Government Expenditure’s Trends CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Background of study Malaysia is a small and open economy which has middle income country. Malaysia is a country on the move. Today, Malaysia becomes an export-driven economy which accelerates one’s by high technology, knowledge-based and capital-intensive industries. Malaysia’s economy achieves successes in economic development because of economy transformation in an effective public policy. The role of policy not only can increase the economic growth but also can achieve the goal in the different development stages (Nabulsi, 2001). Thus, the government plays an important role in economic development. Economic growth is defined as an increase in a  countrysproductive capacity, as measured by comparing  gross national product (GNP)  in a year with the GNP in the previous year. An Increase in the  capital stock,advances  in  technology, and  improvement  in the  quality  and level of literacy are considered to be the  principal  causes  of economic growth. In recent years, the idea of  sustainable development  has brought in additional  factors  such as  environmentally sound  processes  that must be taken into  account  in growing an  economy. From these definition it shows that economic growth is primarily a quantitative measure based on the rate of change of GDP while economic development is a combination of quantitative and qualitative measures. The question of the relationship between the government expenditure and economic growth has been created a lot of interest and attention among the economist and policy makers. By understanding the relationship within it, may help in building a more goal orientated policy. Therefore, studies on this topic has been made and argued since decades ago. Furthermore, it has also stimulated controversy in macroeconomics studies. This interest has led to empirical studies to address several economic doubts, which related to the government expenditure and the economic growth of the country. Gwartney, Holcombe and Lawson (1998) noticed when the country has moved towards the economic freedom and open market, that government expenditure will increased accordingly. A lot of empirical studies were carried out to examine the effect of economic growth on government expenditure. However the results of each country lead to different conclusion; where some countries show positive relationship and some countries not. Samudram, Nair and Vaithilingam (2009) state a similar finding based on several studies regarding the relationship of government expenditure and economic growth and the results are inconclusive. Landau (1983) studies noticed that the effect of government expenditure on economic growth in 96 countries and finds a negative relationship between government spending and economic growth. Meanwhile, Sinha (1998) found positive relationship between economic growth and government expenditure in Malaysia for the period of 1950-1992. There are two schools of thought called Wagner’s law, named after the nineteenth century German Professor Adolf Wagner, and the other one the Keynesian views which were suggested by the 20th century British economist John Maynard Keynes. There are also separated though like big and small government. According to Sinha (1998), Wagner’s law is the first thought that illustrated out the possible relationship between economic growth and the growth of government activity. Sinha (1998) reported that â€Å"Adolf Wagner was probably the first scholar to recognize a positive correlation between economic growth and the growth of government activity†. In addition, Henrekson (1993) pointed out from Wagner’s law three main reasons for the increase in the government’s role. In a simple way, Wagner’s law is interpreted as to say that government expenditure is a consequence of a growing economy. First, Industrialization and modernization would lead to a subs titution of public for private activities and result in increasing government expenditures on law and order as well as on contractual enforcement. Secondly, an increase in real income would lead to an expansion of the income elastic â€Å"cultural and welfare† expenditures. Wagner cited two areas which are education and culture in which the government could be a better provider than the private sector. Thirdly, natural monopolies such as railroads had to be taken over by the government because the running cost of such kind of activities are too expensive and the private sector would be unable to obtain such huge investment to finance the development of these activities. FIGURE 1.1.1: THE WANGER’S LAW Wagner’s Law Source: Drawn by author On the other hand, the other economic interpretation for government expenditure and growth is explained by the Keynesian view. The positive contribution in government expenditure economic growth will be based on the multiplier effects stated in the Keynesian model. Keynesian formula consists of the following composition: Y = C + I + G +Xn †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (1) where, Y = the aggregate output (GDP) C = the consumption I = the investment G = the government expenditure Xn = the net exports (exports-imports) FIGURE 1.1.2: THE KEYNESIAN VIEWS Wagner’s Law Source: Drawn by author As we have mentioned earlier, this topic has created enormous attention among researchers with many extensive empirical works that have been carried out to test these theories but unfortunately the outcome of these studies has been of a mixed conclusion. The causation of economic growth and government expenditure can be unidirectional, bidirectional or no causality. Unidirectional causality can be running from government expenditure to economic growth and vice versa. This paper is adapting the Keynesian view to examine the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth. Several studies on causality have been carried out with several conclusions. Sinha (1998) using augmented Granger causality test finds no evidence of causality between GDP and government expenditure in Malaysia for the time period 1950-1992. Again later, Dogan and Tang (2006) find no empirical evidence to support either of the two theories for Malaysia when using data from 1960 to 2002. While Tang (2001) finds a short-run causality that runs from national income to government expenditure using data from 1960-1998. In all the studies that have been carried out so far, the outcomes are still open for debate. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between government expenditure, particularly in economic development expenditure and general development expenditure. This study will cover the government expenditure from year 1981-2013, limitation in obtaining the earlier data has also became one of the reason that the study starting from 1981 and the year 2013, which is the latest data that can be obtain, in order to find as exact as we could. The source of data is from the website Asian Development Bank: Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific. 1.2 Problem Statement Statistics from Economic Planning Unit of Malaysia and International Financial Statistics of International Monetary Fund shows that the Malaysian government expenditure’s trend and real GDP per capita’s trend shows almost a consistent increase throughout the period of 1981 until 2013. At the same time its real GDP per capita also shows the same trend. Figure 1.2: The trend of the total government expenditure and real GDP per capita in year 1981-2013 Source: Economic Planning Unit of Malaysia Starting with the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the 1970’s with its objective to restore the ethnic balance of the Bumiputera population through investment in human capital, the Malaysian government was directly and heavily involved in economic activity. This involvement or the so called government intervention in the economy has led the Malaysian federal government expenditure to increase steadily. According to Economic Planning Unit (EPU) Malaysia, the report in year 2003 shows that the percentage of total expenditure relative to GDP in 1970 to 1980 has increased about 25% to 33%. Meanwhile, in year 1981, statistics from EPU also show that the total Malaysian centre government expenditure has jumped about 41% from previous year total expenditure while the development expenditure growth percentage of that year compared to the previous year hiked about 52%. EPU Malaysia report that, by looking into the ratio of development expenditure on total expenditure, it is about 1:3 in 1980. While in the next year, the ratio has increase and achieved a new height at 1:2. In 1982, the total government expenditure showed about the same pattern as in year 1981. However the scenario changed in 1983.In year 1983 the Malaysian government focused its privatization policy as one of the national policies. This policy has brought more capitalization to the nation, shifted the government led growth to private sector led growth. This policy represents a new approach in policy development and at the same time complements other policies introduced by the government. This policy was developed to focus on enhancing the role of the private sector in economic development. Facilitate the development of county’s economy and reducing financial and administrative burden of the government is also the purpose of this approach. Furthermore it attempts to reduce gov ernment intervention in the economy, lowering the level and scope of public spending and allowing market forces to determine economic activity in line with the National Development Policy. During the implementation of this policy, the private sector was regarded as the engine of growth. As a result of this policy, the Malaysian government has successfully reduced its expenditure particularly in the development sector. In 1987, the percentage of development expenditure of total expenditure was marked lowest at about 20%. In general, it is believed that the Malaysian economic policies have had a big influence on the trend of the government expenditures for economic growth. However, this policy leads the policy makers to become divided as whether the expansion of government promotes or impedes economic growth. As mentioned in the earlier section, there were several studies on the direction of causality between government expenditure and economic growth in Malaysia and the results are mixed. Some concludes that it has no relationship between the government expenditure and economic growth, while some argued there was some positive and significant relationship lies within. However, we presume that the outcome of the same study will possibly lead to either one of the existing results. Furthermore the causality test was unable to identify the degree of change or effect from one variable to another; for this reason this study has no interest in testing for causality. On the other hand, as highlighted in an earlier section regarding the two sides of arguments which are the proponents of big and small governments, at this point, the attention is given to identify the right side of these two arguments. In addition we would also like to identify the degree of association between the government expenditure particularly by its sectors and economic growth. To our knowledge, no such study exists for Malaysia so far. Thus this study attempts to investigate the association between government expenditure in education and healthcare and economic growth in Malaysia from 1981 to 2013. Research Objectives The aims of this study is to evaluate empirically the association between the general government expenditure and economic growth. Specifically, the objectives of this study are: 1.3.1 General Obejctive To identify the association between government development expenditures and economic growth, and its significance by the services and sector. 1.3.2 Specific Objective To determine the relationship between the education and economic growth of Malaysia. To determine the relationship between the defence and security expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. To determine the relationship between the general public services expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. To determine the relationship between the transportations and communications expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. To determine the relationship between the healthcare expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. Research Question To meet the above objectives, several research questions have been developed to meet the objectives. Answering the below research questions will fulfil the objectives of this study. The research questions are as follows: What is the relationship between education expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia? What is the relationship between the defence and security expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia? What is the relationship between the general public services expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia? What is the relationship between transportations and communications expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia? What is the relationship between healthcare expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia? 1.5 General Hypothesis The hypothesis is to determine the relationship between the government expenditure and economic growth in Malaysia. EDUCATION H0: There is a relationship between the education expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. H1: There is no relationship between the education expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. DEFENCE AND SECURITY H0: There is a relationship between the defence and security expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. H1: There is no relationship between the defence and security expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. GENERAL PUBLIC SERVICES H0: There is a relationship between the general public services expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. H1: There is no relationship between the general public services expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. TRANSPORTATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS H0: There is a relationship between the transportations and communications expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. H1: There is no relationship between the transportations and communications expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. HEALTHCARE H0: There is a relationship between the healthcare expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. H1: There is no relationship between the healthcare expenditure and economic growth of Malaysia. In order to proceed with the interpretation of regression analysis, a significance level should be first considered. The significance level can be set at three different levels which are 1%, 5% and 10%. At each significant level, if the p-value of variables indicates that p-value 1.6 Significant of Study Malaysia is a developing country that has excelled in economic performance during 1980s. However more and more factors are affecting the economic health of Malaysia and the economic performance has slowed down over the years. One of the argument found is on the misspending of the government budget. Government expenditure might have failed to address the real factor that may drive the economic growth; therefore this paper may be helpful in the sense of recognizing the real expenditure that may trigger economic growth. This does help in helping government to spend the right money at the right place. Identifying the relationship within economic growth and government expenditure will also give some reference to the policy makers in shaping the country’s future without unnecessary waste of resources. It may also help policy makers to examine the current policy, weighting its strength of influence towards the results they may want to achieve. Furthermore, this paper has also study the government expenditure by separating it into perfect bite-sized, easy to understand and digest. The paper has breakdown the economic expenditure to very small and specific components, and this will help in quantifying the right amount of expenditure in every aspect. This makes the economic analysis become much more an easier and easier to forecast the economic growth by accessing the current expenditure that have invested in. 1.7 Outline of the Study The following chapters in this study will explain the research process in better details. The structure of this study starts with chapter one focusing on the introduction and research proposal. Chapter two is about the literature review, this chapter will discuss on the relevant research that have been carried out by others researchers. This chapter will also discuss and explain in depth about the literatures relevant to the area of economic growth. Chapter three focuses on model and methodology. This chapter will discuss the method that will be used in this research. It included the research design, research method, data analysis and others. Chapter four conducts the empirical tests of a time series regression analysis from year 1981 to 2013 and describes the outcome of the regression analysis. The results of the research will then be analyzed to answer the relevant research question. Chapter five focuses on a discussion of the empirical results and discuss conclusions and recommendations based on the study. This part will provide a summary of the findings, a discussion of the implications of the study and recommendation 1.8 Conclusion In a nutshell, this paper study on the significance of the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth, it is based on secondary data as the paper is accessing the past record of the economic performance to draw a conclusion. The paper will help in certain aspect, especially as a reference in helping policy makers to make a better policy, drive Malaysia towards a more competitive environment.

The Importance of Cultural Diversity Within Organizations Essay

When discussion is raised in relation to diversity, society talks about the group who possess individual qualities that are diverse from other individual’s traits. Diversity is the uniqueness, which every employee brings to the workplace in an organization or establishment. Examples of differences include nationality, belief, disabilities, physical appearance, race, gender, age, educational background, sexual orientation, and work experience, social and family status. At the workplace, valuing diversity means creating a work environment that respects and includes various individuals, by maximizing the potential of all employees or in which every employee feels integrated within the organization. Cultural diversity means acknowledging that other people, other voices, and other cultures have an equal claim on the world; we need to consider everyone as one human race. Instilling cultural diversity practices within the organization begins with structure that produces benefits, and then is proven through success stories of organizations that have implemented diverse practices. The concept of cultural diversity helps in a significant way for success of organizations. Through the structure of the organization, individual’s can see that a multicultural structure has many benefits compared to limited structures. The organization will be more successful through their overall structure. According to Taylor Cox, there are three organization types, which focus on the development of cultural diversity. The three organization types are, the monolithic organization, the plural organization, and the multicultural organization. In the monolithic organization, the amount of structural integration (the presence of persons from different cultural ... ...ups, Firms, Schools, and Societies. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. Proctor and Gamble. (2011). Company: Who We Are. Retrieved 2011-5-February from Proctor and Gamble: http://www.pg.com/en_CA/company/who_we_are/diversity.shtml Redfield, R., Linton, R., & Herskovits, M. (1936). Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation. American Anthropologist , 149-152. Rosenzweig, P. (1998). Managing the New Global Workforce:: Fostering Diversity, Forging Consistency. European Management Journal , 16 (6), 644-652. Schein, E. (2010). Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2010-22- October). Cultural Diversity. Retrieved 2011-5-February from UNESCO - Culture: http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php- URL_ID=34321&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

How resources are allocated Essay

An economic system is the result of individuals (consumers and producers), groups (firms, trade unions, political parties, families etc) and the government coming together and interacting in a legal and social society. The function of an economic system is to resolve the basic economic problem – scarcity which means that the resources are limited but wants are infinite. This distribution has three dimensions: * What is to be produced * How is it to be produced * For whom is it to be produced. There are 2 economic systems which are commonly used world-wide. There are: the free market system in which the role for the government is limited and the planned system where the government takes viturally total control. In both of these systmes there are different methods of resource allocation used. There are economies that use a mixture of these systems in particular the planned and free market system also known as the mixed economy in which some of the decisions resource allocation are done by the government and other by the public. In a free market economy: *The factors of production are owned by private individuals or groups of individuals who own the resources. They then rent them out to the firms so that they can produce the goods and services. *Everyone is motivated by pure self interest. Consumers maximise welfare, firms maximise profits and privated individuals aim to maximise rents, wages interest and profit. *Firms can sell anything they want. They respond to the consumers who are allowed to by anything that is sold by the producers. *The level of competition is very high. Firms are competing desperately for customers and the consumers are competing with each other for the goods on offer How are resources allocated under a market mechanism? What is to be produced? In a pure free market, it is the consumer which determines the allocation of resources. Consumers are sovereign. Each consumer has a free choice on the amount of money to spend on goods and services. Firms with the money recieved, buy the factors of production needed to produce goods and sercives. In other words in a free market a firm will only produce what the consumers are prepared to buy. The consumers are the ones to dicate the goods that should be produced. For example the public decides that they want to buy more product X than product Y. The increase in demand for product X will increase the price at first. The production of product X will increase since many new first will get attracted with the idea of profit and at the same time the level of competition will increase. On the other hand for product Y the demand will fall along with profits. In general there is a transfer of resources from one industry to another. How will it be produced? There is competition between the various firms. Consumers will buy from the producers which offer the lowest price. So producers must produce at lowest cost. This then determines how goods are produced. The firms will adpot the lowest cost technique of production hence resulting in productive efficiency and allocative efficiency For whom will it be produced? The amount of money the consumers spend is determined by their income. This affects the factors of production since those with high invomes will be able to consume more of the goods whlist those with low income can only buy few  goods and services. There are some advantages in a free market economy: *Resources are allocated more efficiently. *There will be a much larger choice of goods and services *Firms will keep on innovating and produce better quality products since there is a high level of competition *Higher economic growth rates – Economic systems with a free market model have grown much faster than those with a command economy. For example with the restaurant Mac Donald’s the demand is high because the consumers find it convenient to just drop by and have a meal within a matter of minutes, and since the consumers demand more the supply of it is also large. A command economy has a very powerful government sector and the workets and consumers are subordinate. The resources are allocated through a planning mechanism. Some goods and services are prvided free and some rationed or sold The characteristics of a command economy: * Factors of prodction are owned publicly by the government * No one think of himself – Everyone is assumed to be working for the common good * There are no free enterprise * There is very little competition which gives rise to black markets * Since there is no competition there is no price mechanism. The authorities  set the prices, and they are forced to set the prices low to make sure that it is affordable to everyone * The government has the responsability of planning how all the resources should be used. The decide what should be produced and in what quantities. In other words they set the output and price levels. What is to be produced? The consumer does not have any control at all on what will be produced. The planners or the government decide what will be produced, but the main problem which arouses is that the government does not know what exactly the consumers need. In other words supply is dictated by a governing body which tries to predict demand however this process is very difficult and it leads to heavy losses. How will it be produced? There is no such thing as firms in a planned economy. The government direct the resources into producing â€Å"units† They have no autonomy, so basically the government decides the quantities of output and the methods of production For whom will it be produced? The government tries to distribute the output of the economy more fairly. Wages are determined by the planners and so are the prices of the goods produced. So the government is effectively determining how much each consumer can consume. They also believe that all consumers get equal amounts. Advantages of a planned economy: * The strong government will make sure that public and merit goods are consumed that the right levls and that demerit goods are banned or taxed heavily * The government will try to make sure that nobody falls through the safety net. It will be a fairer economy even though it is likely to be less successful overall. * Command economies can make sure that the prodction processes that they chose are as environmentally friendly as possible. They should be able to make sure that the level of output is the socially optimal level of output. For example in Russia the government decided to produce jeans at a large scale but people were importing levis jeans and were selling them for a much cheaper price. this meant that the government lost a lot of money since they predicted that the people needed jeans but in reality they did not and even though they lowered the prices there were still huge amounts of stock which was not sold. A mixed economy as the name implies is a mixture of a planned economy and a free enterpirse economy. In pure practice no pure planned economies or free enterprise economies exist in the world. It is a mixture of the two extremes and the degree of mixing depends and varies from one society or country to another. Characteristics of a mixed economy: * The government owns some of the country’s factors of production publicly and some are owned privately * The market part of the economy will be motivated by self interest. First will maximise profit consumers will maximise their welfare and the factor owners will maximise rent interest and profit. The government on the other side has the common good goal. * There are only free enterprises in the free market part of the economy * The level of competition will vary on the degree of mix. and it will depnd on the market structure. * The price mechanism operates in the private sector. its efficiency depends on how competitive the market structures are. The government run activities. Many countries or economic systems have attempted to solve the resource allocation problem by reaching a compromise between the free market and planned economy systems. For example a governing body may decide that the production possibility frontier (ppf) has potential to increase if education and health services are provded to the public and thus enforces this, thus supplying it for free – this must be paid for by taxes which encourage a planned economy approach. However the remainder of the economy follows a free-market model The government needs to decide the perfect balance between these two factors. If people are healthier then they are more educated and the more educated the healthier. This means that they firms will be able to have better qualified workers. This in turn will mean that the taxes will increase and the government will get more money. This money can be invested into improvements in technology and resulting in an increase in the ppf. For example the UK offers free NHS this means that more money can be spent on education and train people and this can lead to an improvement in techonology. On the other hand the better the education means that people are better qualified and more people can become doctors and thus it will improve health services. Though there are 3 main types of economic systems which sue three different methods of resource allocation, there is often, in developed countries a tendency to use mixed economic methods in which both aspects of the free market and the planned economy are present. In developing countries there are approaches to the problem of resource allocation using all 3 methods. In a free market economy supply is dictated by demand, the bigger the demand the bigger the supply and thus the price of the product is given. In a planned economy the governing body makes those decisions, supply is dictated by a governing body which tries to predict demand however this proves very  difficult and it supplies goods to its wish and in a mixed economy supply of certain guds is dictated by a governing body and the others by demand.

The Going by Thomas Hardy

Hardy almost appears unaware of the years passed distanced from his wife ntil the fifth stanza, suggesting her death has the effect of a virtual awakening, allowing him to finally accept it, yet not settle from mourning it ,as is made evident by the following 1912-13 poems. The Repetition of â€Å"Why' beginning the first, third, and fifth stanza illustrate Hardys rejection of Emma's death, probably resulting from the regret of not having taken advantage of the time she was alive. Hardy feels Emma â€Å"calmly' died with â€Å"indifference†, giving way to intense feelings of remorse in the following stanza's.His uspicion of her carelessness is further highlighted in the second stanza as she is described to have â€Å"never to bid goodbye† – â€Å"or lip [him] the softest call†. Emma's apparent alienation of hardy suggests she deliberately left him in response to â€Å"those days long dead† where she was as good as dead to Hardy. Moreover Hardy rem ains unsettled by the fact that death or Emma offered â€Å"no hint† of her â€Å"going†. Deaths unexpectedness emphasizes its fragility, and tendency to â€Å"quickly – and calmly' occur at any â€Å"moment, and alter all†.The use of the oxymoron, quickly – and calmly' to describe death may suggest Hardys state of confusion due to the swiftness of it all happening, as well as him actually not knowing how she died because he was not there. In addition the aural imagery created through the use of the monosyllabic words, â€Å"up and be gone†, has the effect of emphasizing deaths suddenness. The â€Å"IloW' sound created by the feminine end rhyme of â€Å"where I could not follow – with wing of swallow' has the effect of something continuous, in this case suggesting Hardys growing distance from Emma now that she is dead, as well as oreshadowing the long period of grief to come. The Going† is reference to Emma's gradual fading f rom Hardys memory. Emma death is also described to be a â€Å"swift fleeing† and a â€Å"great going†. Death and the after life are never referred to explicitly. Therefore Hardys use of euphemisms illustrate his avoidance of reality, as well as his fear of acknowledging Emma's death. Furthermore, Hardys commemorations of his courtship with Emma in the fourth stanza further stresses this point. The tone of the poem shifts during this process, as he cadence begins to rise, revealing the Joy Hardy feels whilst remembering Emma alive.It almost seems as if Hardy is attempting to â€Å"follow' Emma through his memories of her. Hardys eventually recollects the moments where him and Emma were most distant and â€Å"did not spear or â€Å"visit together those places that they once visited†. By this point, regret dominates Hardys feelings and the poem. Furthermore, in the first stanza Emma's is described to have passed on â€Å"quickly after the morrows dawn† â⠂¬â€œ the use of the word â€Å"dawn† adds a sense of light to poem, allowing readers to imagine the sun rising.This may symbolize Emma's soul rising from her dead corpse, as well as, portraying an ambiance of increasing light. Hardy deliberately eliminates this semblance of light to depict his increasing sense of grief. In the third stanza, the use of the words â€Å"darkening dankness† and â€Å"yawning blankness† coupled with Hardys description of his wife's hallucination â€Å"at dusk†, convey this diffusion of light. In the final stanza Hardy appears to be undergoing acceptance, suggested by the use of the words â€Å"well, well†. Nevertheless his grief has not yet subsided.The broken yntax alters the rhythm, as well as giving the impression of it faltering forward. Hardy describes himself as a â€Å"dead man held on end to sink down soon†, this conflicts with the â€Å"rising† of Emma in the first stanza, nevertheless, may imply the same idea. Hardy is now plagued with a wish to Join his wife in the after life, yet this does not bring them any closer to her, as Hardy feels he'll â€Å"sink down† instead of rising up. In addition, similarly to the sun â€Å"rising† in the first stanza, the use of â€Å"sink down† may symbolize the sun now sinking, bringing about darkness. The Going by Thomas Hardy Hardy almost appears unaware of the years passed distanced from his wife ntil the fifth stanza, suggesting her death has the effect of a virtual awakening, allowing him to finally accept it, yet not settle from mourning it ,as is made evident by the following 1912-13 poems. The Repetition of â€Å"Why' beginning the first, third, and fifth stanza illustrate Hardys rejection of Emma's death, probably resulting from the regret of not having taken advantage of the time she was alive. Hardy feels Emma â€Å"calmly' died with â€Å"indifference†, giving way to intense feelings of remorse in the following stanza's.His uspicion of her carelessness is further highlighted in the second stanza as she is described to have â€Å"never to bid goodbye† – â€Å"or lip [him] the softest call†. Emma's apparent alienation of hardy suggests she deliberately left him in response to â€Å"those days long dead† where she was as good as dead to Hardy. Moreover Hardy rem ains unsettled by the fact that death or Emma offered â€Å"no hint† of her â€Å"going†. Deaths unexpectedness emphasizes its fragility, and tendency to â€Å"quickly – and calmly' occur at any â€Å"moment, and alter all†.The use of the oxymoron, quickly – and calmly' to describe death may suggest Hardys state of confusion due to the swiftness of it all happening, as well as him actually not knowing how she died because he was not there. In addition the aural imagery created through the use of the monosyllabic words, â€Å"up and be gone†, has the effect of emphasizing deaths suddenness. The â€Å"IloW' sound created by the feminine end rhyme of â€Å"where I could not follow – with wing of swallow' has the effect of something continuous, in this case suggesting Hardys growing distance from Emma now that she is dead, as well as oreshadowing the long period of grief to come. The Going† is reference to Emma's gradual fading f rom Hardys memory. Emma death is also described to be a â€Å"swift fleeing† and a â€Å"great going†. Death and the after life are never referred to explicitly. Therefore Hardys use of euphemisms illustrate his avoidance of reality, as well as his fear of acknowledging Emma's death. Furthermore, Hardys commemorations of his courtship with Emma in the fourth stanza further stresses this point. The tone of the poem shifts during this process, as he cadence begins to rise, revealing the Joy Hardy feels whilst remembering Emma alive.It almost seems as if Hardy is attempting to â€Å"follow' Emma through his memories of her. Hardys eventually recollects the moments where him and Emma were most distant and â€Å"did not spear or â€Å"visit together those places that they once visited†. By this point, regret dominates Hardys feelings and the poem. Furthermore, in the first stanza Emma's is described to have passed on â€Å"quickly after the morrows dawn† â⠂¬â€œ the use of the word â€Å"dawn† adds a sense of light to poem, allowing readers to imagine the sun rising.This may symbolize Emma's soul rising from her dead corpse, as well as, portraying an ambiance of increasing light. Hardy deliberately eliminates this semblance of light to depict his increasing sense of grief. In the third stanza, the use of the words â€Å"darkening dankness† and â€Å"yawning blankness† coupled with Hardys description of his wife's hallucination â€Å"at dusk†, convey this diffusion of light. In the final stanza Hardy appears to be undergoing acceptance, suggested by the use of the words â€Å"well, well†. Nevertheless his grief has not yet subsided.The broken yntax alters the rhythm, as well as giving the impression of it faltering forward. Hardy describes himself as a â€Å"dead man held on end to sink down soon†, this conflicts with the â€Å"rising† of Emma in the first stanza, nevertheless, may imply the same idea. Hardy is now plagued with a wish to Join his wife in the after life, yet this does not bring them any closer to her, as Hardy feels he'll â€Å"sink down† instead of rising up. In addition, similarly to the sun â€Å"rising† in the first stanza, the use of â€Å"sink down† may symbolize the sun now sinking, bringing about darkness.